Posts

Artificial Intelligence -- Neural Language Processing

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence -- Neural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural language such as English. Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system, etc. The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural languages humans use. The input and output of an NLP system can be − Speech Written Text Components of NLP There are two components of NLP as given − NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING (NLU) Understanding involves the following tasks − Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations. Analyzing different aspects of the language. NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION (NLG) It is the process of producing meaningful phrases
Post a Comment
Read more

Artificial Intelligence -- short history

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence Short History Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the bronze robot of Hephaestus, and Pygmalion's Galatea. Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated cult images were worshiped in Egypt and Greece and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi, Hero of Alexandria and Al-Jazari. It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān, Judah Loew and Paracelsus. By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are some examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods". Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artifi
Post a Comment
Read more

Artificial Intelligence --Terminology

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence --Terminology Here is the list of frequently used terms in the domain of AI − Sr. No Term & Meaning 1 Agent Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, purposeful and reasoning directed towards one or more goals. They are also called assistants, brokers, bots, droids, intelligent agents, and software agents. 2 Autonomous Robot Robot free from external control or influence and able to control itself independently. 3 Backward Chaining Strategy of working backward for Reason/Cause of a problem. 4 Blackboard It is the memory inside computer, which is used for communication between the cooperating expert systems. 5 Environment It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent. 6 Forward Chaining Strategy of working forward for conclusion/solution of a problem. 7 Heuristics It is the knowledge based on Trial-and-error, evaluations, and experimentation. 8 Knowledge Engin
Post a Comment
Read more

Artificial Intelligence -- Issues

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence --  Issues AI is developing with such an incredible speed, sometimes it seems magical. There is an opinion among researchers and developers that AI could grow so immensely strong that it would be difficult for humans to control. Humans developed AI systems by introducing into them every possible intelligence they could, for which the humans themselves now seem threatened. Threat to Privacy An AI program that recognizes speech and understands natural language is theoretically capable of understanding each conversation on e-mails and telephones. Threat to Human Dignity AI systems have already started replacing the human beings in few industries. It should not replace people in the sectors where they are holding dignified positions which are pertaining to ethics such as nursing, surgeon, judge, police officer, etc. Threat to Safety The self-improving AI systems can become so mighty than humans tha
Post a Comment
Read more

Artificial Intelligence -- Neural networks

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence -- Neural networks Yet another research area in AI, neural networks, is inspired from the natural neural  network of human nervous system. What are Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)? The inventor of the first neurocomputer, Dr. Robert Hecht-Nielsen, defines a neural network as − "...a computing system made up of a number of simple, highly interconnected processing elements, which process information by their dynamic state response to external inputs.” Basic Structure of ANNs The idea of ANNs is based on the belief that working of human brain by making the right connections, can be imitated using silicon and wires as living  neurons  and  dendrites . The human brain is composed of 86 billion nerve cells called  neurons.  They are connected to other thousand cells by  Axons.  Stimuli from external environment or inputs from sensory organs are accepted by dendrites. These inputs create electric impulse
Post a Comment
Read more

Artificial Intelligence -- Expert system

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence -- Expert system Expert systems (ES) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. It is introduced by the researchers at Stanford University, Computer Science Department. What are Expert Systems? The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise. CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS High performance Understandable Reliable Highly responsive Capabilities of Expert Systems The expert systems are capable of − Advising Instructing and assisting human in decision making Demonstrating Deriving a solution Diagnosing Explaining Interpreting input Predicting results Justifying the conclusion Suggesting alternative options to a problem They are incapable of − Substituting human decision makers
Post a Comment
Read more

Artificial Intelligence -- Fuzzy logic

-
Image
Artificial Intelligence -- Fuzzy logic Fuzzy Logic Systems (FLS) produce acceptable but definite output in response to incomplete, ambiguous, distorted, or inaccurate (fuzzy) input. What is Fuzzy Logic? Fuzzy Logic (FL) is a method of reasoning that resembles human reasoning. The approach of FL imitates the way of decision making in humans that involves all intermediate possibilities between digital values YES and NO. The conventional logic block that a computer can understand takes precise input and produces a definite output as TRUE or FALSE, which is equivalent to human’s YES or NO. The inventor of fuzzy logic, Lotfi Zadeh, observed that unlike computers, the human decision making includes a range of possibilities between YES and NO, such as − CERTAINLY YES POSSIBLY YES CANNOT SAY POSSIBLY NOCERTAINLY NO The fuzzy logic works on the levels of possibilities of input to achieve the definite output. IMPLEMENTATION It can
Post a Comment
Read more