Futuristic Tech

Artificial Intelligence -- Neural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural language such as English. Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system, etc. The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural languages humans use. The input and output of an NLP system can be − Speech Written Text Components of NLP There are two components of NLP as given − NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING (NLU) Understanding involves the following tasks − Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations. Analyzing different aspects of the language. NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION (NLG) It is the process of producing meaningful phrases...

Artificial Intelligence Short History Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the bronze robot of Hephaestus, and Pygmalion's Galatea. Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated cult images were worshiped in Egypt and Greece and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi, Hero of Alexandria and Al-Jazari. It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān, Judah Loew and Paracelsus. By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are some examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods". Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artifi...

Artificial Intelligence --Terminology Here is the list of frequently used terms in the domain of AI − Sr. No Term & Meaning 1 Agent Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, purposeful and reasoning directed towards one or more goals. They are also called assistants, brokers, bots, droids, intelligent agents, and software agents. 2 Autonomous Robot Robot free from external control or influence and able to control itself independently. 3 Backward Chaining Strategy of working backward for Reason/Cause of a problem. 4 Blackboard It is the memory inside computer, which is used for communication between the cooperating expert systems. 5 Environment It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent. 6 Forward Chaining Strategy of working forward for conclusion/solution of a problem. 7 Heuristics It is the knowledge based on Trial-and-error, evaluations, and experimentation. 8 Knowledge Engin...

Artificial Intelligence --  Issues AI is developing with such an incredible speed, sometimes it seems magical. There is an opinion among researchers and developers that AI could grow so immensely strong that it would be difficult for humans to control. Humans developed AI systems by introducing into them every possible intelligence they could, for which the humans themselves now seem threatened. Threat to Privacy An AI program that recognizes speech and understands natural language is theoretically capable of understanding each conversation on e-mails and telephones. Threat to Human Dignity AI systems have already started replacing the human beings in few industries. It should not replace people in the sectors where they are holding dignified positions which are pertaining to ethics such as nursing, surgeon, judge, police officer, etc. Threat to Safety The self-improving AI systems can become so mighty than humans...

Artificial Intelligence -- Expert system Expert systems (ES) are one of the prominent research domains of AI. It is introduced by the researchers at Stanford University, Computer Science Department. What are Expert Systems? The expert systems are the computer applications developed to solve complex problems in a particular domain, at the level of extra-ordinary human intelligence and expertise. CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS High performance Understandable Reliable Highly responsive Capabilities of Expert Systems The expert systems are capable of − Advising Instructing and assisting human in decision making Demonstrating Deriving a solution Diagnosing Explaining Interpreting input Predicting results Justifying the conclusion Suggesting alternative options to a problem They are incapable of − Substituting human decision makers ...

Artificial Intelligence --  overview Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to time. A branch of Computer Science named  Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings. What is Artificial Intelligence? According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is  “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is a way of  making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently , in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while ...

The Kinematics of Manipulators – Forward and Inverse In the kinematic design and analysis of manipulators, it is required to find the position and orientation of the end-effector for given values of joint parameters. Sometimes the position to be attained is given and possible values of joint parameters to attain that are to be found. In general, kinematics is the study of motion without any mention of the forces causing it. When any object moves, the parameters attached to it are its position, velocity and acceleration. Velocity and acceleration are derivatives of the position. Sometimes even higher derivatives of position are required to be calculated for the study of jerkiness and other irregularities in the motion. The structure of a manipulator is like a kinematic chain with the end-effector at the free end. It has rigid links connected by joints such that there can be relative motion. The joints can be rotary or revolute and sliding or prismatic. At th...

Kinematics of Manipulators: Velocity Analysis Finding the position and orientation of the links of a manipulator required for attaining a certain position and orientation of the end-effector is just not sufficient. We also want to know the corresponding variation of velocity of the links and joints with the motion of the end-effector. Velocity Analysis In addition to finding the end-effector position for given joint parameters and vice versa in forward and inverse kinematics, the kinematics of manipulators also includes the analysis of manipulators in motion. Not only the final position of the links and joints to attain the desired position of the end-effector, but also the velocity, and its variation, of the links and joints of the manipulators while attaining the final position is important for analysis. We discussed joint space and Cartesian space  in the previous article . To find the final position of an end-effector for given joint param...

Position and Orientation of the Objects in Robotic Automation   To study the mechanics of robotic manipulators comprehensively and then apply it for the mechanical synthesis of the manipulators, we will first look at the basic topics of mechanics involved in the mechanics of manipulators. Future articles will deal each of them in detail. Industrial Robots result in increased levels of automation in industrial processes. Robot use started in repetitive, simple tasks, and now they are also being used also in precision works. This transition happened because of the sophisticated synthesis of robots and inclusion of electronics and computer control. An industrial robot is designed such that it can be programmed to be used in different applications. The mechanics of the industrial robots and manipulators is not a new field of engineering in itself. It is actually a combination of different branches of engineering. The mechanics, static and dynamic analysis...

What are Industrial Robots? Robots are being extensively utilized in the automotive industry, and in the near future, their application, because of the quality and accuracy produced, will spread to many more industries, Selecting a Robot A large range of robots with different components, techniques, and means of operation have already been designed and manufactured. These are selected according to their utility and financial considerations. A futuristic robot, with modern sensors and appropriate software, can perform tasks efficiently, accurately, and quickly, but will be expensive. Thus, all the relevant factors must be considered while selecting robots for industrial applications, including the initial expenditure and the benefits to be achieved in using the robot. Use  Of Robots In Industry Robots are being beneficially utilized in a vast variety of industries, some of which are: Loading an...