Futuristic Tech

Artificial Intelligence -- Neural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) refers to AI method of communicating with an intelligent systems using a natural language such as English. Processing of Natural Language is required when you want an intelligent system like robot to perform as per your instructions, when you want to hear decision from a dialogue based clinical expert system, etc. The field of NLP involves making computers to perform useful tasks with the natural languages humans use. The input and output of an NLP system can be − Speech Written Text Components of NLP There are two components of NLP as given − NATURAL LANGUAGE UNDERSTANDING (NLU) Understanding involves the following tasks − Mapping the given input in natural language into useful representations. Analyzing different aspects of the language. NATURAL LANGUAGE GENERATION (NLG) It is the process of producing meaningful phrases

Artificial Intelligence Short History Thinking machines and artificial beings appear in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the bronze robot of Hephaestus, and Pygmalion's Galatea. Human likenesses believed to have intelligence were built in every major civilization: animated cult images were worshiped in Egypt and Greece and humanoid automatons were built by Yan Shi, Hero of Alexandria and Al-Jazari. It was also widely believed that artificial beings had been created by Jābir ibn Hayyān, Judah Loew and Paracelsus. By the 19th and 20th centuries, artificial beings had become a common feature in fiction, as in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein or Karel Čapek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). Pamela McCorduck argues that all of these are some examples of an ancient urge, as she describes it, "to forge the gods". Stories of these creatures and their fates discuss many of the same hopes, fears and ethical concerns that are presented by artifi

Artificial Intelligence --Terminology Here is the list of frequently used terms in the domain of AI − Sr. No Term & Meaning 1 Agent Agents are systems or software programs capable of autonomous, purposeful and reasoning directed towards one or more goals. They are also called assistants, brokers, bots, droids, intelligent agents, and software agents. 2 Autonomous Robot Robot free from external control or influence and able to control itself independently. 3 Backward Chaining Strategy of working backward for Reason/Cause of a problem. 4 Blackboard It is the memory inside computer, which is used for communication between the cooperating expert systems. 5 Environment It is the part of real or computational world inhabited by the agent. 6 Forward Chaining Strategy of working forward for conclusion/solution of a problem. 7 Heuristics It is the knowledge based on Trial-and-error, evaluations, and experimentation. 8 Knowledge Engin

Artificial Intelligence --  Issues AI is developing with such an incredible speed, sometimes it seems magical. There is an opinion among researchers and developers that AI could grow so immensely strong that it would be difficult for humans to control. Humans developed AI systems by introducing into them every possible intelligence they could, for which the humans themselves now seem threatened. Threat to Privacy An AI program that recognizes speech and understands natural language is theoretically capable of understanding each conversation on e-mails and telephones. Threat to Human Dignity AI systems have already started replacing the human beings in few industries. It should not replace people in the sectors where they are holding dignified positions which are pertaining to ethics such as nursing, surgeon, judge, police officer, etc. Threat to Safety The self-improving AI systems can become so mighty than humans tha

Artificial Intelligence -- Agents and environment An AI system is composed of an agent and its environment. The agents act in their environment. The environment may contain other agents. What are Agent and Environment? An  agent  is anything that can perceive its environment through  sensors  and acts upon that environment through  effectors. A  human agent  has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for effectors. A  robotic agent  replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors, and various motors and actuators for effectors. A  software agent  has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions. Agent Terminology Performance Measure of Agent  − It is the criteria, which determines how successful an agent is. Behavior of Agent  − It is the action that agent performs after any given sequence of percepts. Percept  −

Artificial Intelligence --  overview Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of computer systems in terms of their diverse working domains, their increasing speed, and reducing size with respect to time. A branch of Computer Science named  Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the computers or machines as intelligent as human beings. What is Artificial Intelligence? According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is  “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. Artificial Intelligence is a way of  making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently , in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a p

The Kinematics of Manipulators – Forward and Inverse In the kinematic design and analysis of manipulators, it is required to find the position and orientation of the end-effector for given values of joint parameters. Sometimes the position to be attained is given and possible values of joint parameters to attain that are to be found. In general, kinematics is the study of motion without any mention of the forces causing it. When any object moves, the parameters attached to it are its position, velocity and acceleration. Velocity and acceleration are derivatives of the position. Sometimes even higher derivatives of position are required to be calculated for the study of jerkiness and other irregularities in the motion. The structure of a manipulator is like a kinematic chain with the end-effector at the free end. It has rigid links connected by joints such that there can be relative motion. The joints can be rotary or revolute and sliding or prismatic. At th

Kinematics of Manipulators: Velocity Analysis Finding the position and orientation of the links of a manipulator required for attaining a certain position and orientation of the end-effector is just not sufficient. We also want to know the corresponding variation of velocity of the links and joints with the motion of the end-effector. Velocity Analysis In addition to finding the end-effector position for given joint parameters and vice versa in forward and inverse kinematics, the kinematics of manipulators also includes the analysis of manipulators in motion. Not only the final position of the links and joints to attain the desired position of the end-effector, but also the velocity, and its variation, of the links and joints of the manipulators while attaining the final position is important for analysis. We discussed joint space and Cartesian space  in the previous article . To find the final position of an end-effector for given joint parameter

Position and Orientation of the Objects in Robotic Automation   To study the mechanics of robotic manipulators comprehensively and then apply it for the mechanical synthesis of the manipulators, we will first look at the basic topics of mechanics involved in the mechanics of manipulators. Future articles will deal each of them in detail. Industrial Robots result in increased levels of automation in industrial processes. Robot use started in repetitive, simple tasks, and now they are also being used also in precision works. This transition happened because of the sophisticated synthesis of robots and inclusion of electronics and computer control. An industrial robot is designed such that it can be programmed to be used in different applications. The mechanics of the industrial robots and manipulators is not a new field of engineering in itself. It is actually a combination of different branches of engineering. The mechanics, static and dynamic analysis and

What are Industrial Robots? Robots are being extensively utilized in the automotive industry, and in the near future, their application, because of the quality and accuracy produced, will spread to many more industries, Selecting a Robot A large range of robots with different components, techniques, and means of operation have already been designed and manufactured. These are selected according to their utility and financial considerations. A futuristic robot, with modern sensors and appropriate software, can perform tasks efficiently, accurately, and quickly, but will be expensive. Thus, all the relevant factors must be considered while selecting robots for industrial applications, including the initial expenditure and the benefits to be achieved in using the robot. Use  Of Robots In Industry Robots are being beneficially utilized in a vast variety of industries, some of which are: Loading and Unloading:  Robot

Components Of Robots   Robots consist of a variety of high tech components which are designed for accuracy, speed and convenience of operation. Some are for general purpose usage, while some are custom made to handle specific parts. The main components are the main body, end effectors, and grippers. Main Body An important component of a robot is the main body which holds the actuators and manipulators that create the activity for each axis of movement. The manipulator carries the end effectors which grip the objects. Mechanisms that provide response regarding the location are included for identification and rectification of any difference between the chosen position in accordance with the command and the existent position. The intelligence of the robot is in the control element, which directs the manipulator along the ideal route. A power supply is essential to activate the actuators. End Effectors End Effectors are a mechanis

Current Uses of Robots Though robots have certain limitations in the way they are made, humans are able to utilize them perfectly based on the desired applications. Robotics have come a long way and new findings or developments never end. Here are some applications where robots play important roles. What robots can do? Robotics is highly advanced technology that strives to develop robots for various applications.  Let us have a look at robots already invented and being used in the industry. 1)  Industrial robots:  Industrial robots are electronically controlled, both programmable and reprogrammable to carry out certain tasks with high precision and accuracy. Robots have been extensively used in highly advanced manufacturing facilities or high volume assembly lines for a long time. They are efficient and produce high yields or output. The most common use of robots is in the automobile industry where they are used for various applica